By Holger Unterbrink and Edmund Brumaghin.

Executive summary

Malware is constantly finding new ways to avoid detection. This doesn't mean that some will never be detected, but it does allow adversaries to increase the period of time between initial release and detection. Flying under the radar for just a few days is enough to infect sufficient machines to earn a decent amount of revenue for an attack. Cisco Talos recently discovered a new campaign delivering the HawkEye Reborn keylogger and other malware that proves attackers are constantly creating new ways to avoid antivirus detection. In this campaign, the attackers built a complex loader to ensure antivirus systems to not detect the payload malware. Among these features is the infamous "Heaven's Gate" technique — a trick that allows 32-bit malware running on 64-bit systems to hide API calls by switching to a 64-bit environment. In this blog, we will show how to analyze this loader quickly, and provide an overview of how these attackers deliver the well-known HawkEye Reborn malware. During our analysis, we also discovered several notable malware families, including Remcos and various cryptocurrency mining trojans, leveraging the same loader in an attempt to evade detection and impede analysis.

Technical overview

First, let's go through a high-level overview of the loader that's used to hide and execute HawkEye Reborn. The "technical details" section will describe these stages in detail. Even if the final malware is packed and coming with its own obfuscation, it is never written to the disk. It's always hidden inside the loader, so it's difficult for antivirus systems to detect it.

1. Find and resolve some basic API calls by CRC32.
2. Decode encoded code from the .data section.
3. Jump to this code.
4. Perform some anti-debug/anti-analysis checks.
5. Load two resources (in this case, UDXCUSCK and SCCJZ) from the loader's PE file.
6. Decode the configuration stored in the UDXCUSCK resource.
7. Copy loader to %APPDATA% folder and make it persistent via StartUp link.
8. Decode the malware payload (in this case HawkEye) stored in SCCJZ resource.
9. Start the legitimate RegAsm.exe process.
10. Inject and execute malware payload (HawkEye) into this process via process-hollowing.
11. Protect injected malware code.
12. Exit loader process.

The majority of API calls are executed by a function we called "Exec_Function":

• This function takes a custom hash value for the wanted API call as one of its arguments.
• It finds the kernel.dll address via its CRC32 checksum.
• Then, it resolves the addresses of basic API calls by name by iterating over the  InMemoryOrderModuleList in the PEB_LDR_DATA structure.
• Next, it resolves the address of the wanted API call by using a custom hash
       function.
• Finally, it uses CallWindowProcW to execute the resolved API call.

Besides the aforementioned obfuscation techniques, some API calls are additionally obfuscated by using direct syscalls via the sysenter instruction on 32-bit systems and the Heaven's Gate technique on x64 systems. The latter means the code switches between 32- and 64-bit systems. Some antivirus applications and debuggers are missing these calls as far as they are not expecting a 32-bit application running under the Microsoft WOW64 technology on a 64-bit system to use 64-bit calls directly.

Technical details

The sample starts with some interesting calls to sub_401000.

This function is iterating through the function list names in the export table of the PE header in memory. Then, it generates the CRC32 checksum for the function name string and compares it with the given argument arg_4 (see 1881CADEh above). Finally, it returns the address for the exported API function. We renamed this function "Find_API_Function_by_CRC32."

The returned API function address is then stored in a register or local variable, which is called when the sample needs the API function. The sample is using this and similar API call obfuscations for most of its API calls. This makes it more difficult to understand what the sample is actually doing during static analysis. The bad news is, this is the simplest one of the obfuscation techniques the sample is using.  

After some initialization and decoding of the data at 415DB0 (upper right part of the picture below), the next notable call is 'call eax,' which calls the formerly decoded code at 415DB0 (see below).

The function arguments aUdtizdmfiv and aSccjz are pointing to the names of two resource sections in the PE header of the sample file and DTIZDMFIV is their resource type. This makes it even more interesting. So let's look into this function. Unfortunately, we can't in our static analysis, because the data is encoded and then decoded at runtime.

We wrote an IDA Python script which decodes this data for us.

addr = 0x415db0
end = 0x5A05

magicval = [ 0x34, 0x39, 0x38, 0x37 ]

for j in range(0, end):
   a = idc.GetManyBytes(addr+j, 1)
   b = int(a.encode("hex"),16)
   b ^= magicval[j % 4]
   patch_byte(addr+j, b)

The script decodes the bytes and allows us to convert it into code.

The code at 415DB0 is actually a jump to the start of the main malware function at 415DF5.

The sample stores all characters of its strings, such as "kernel32.dll" in local variables (see above). It does this in many other locations, too. The next call at 416C74 is also worth breaking down.

Following the call into the function, we see another call at the beginning (41B28B).

After analysing it, we see it resolves the address of the loaded kernel32.dll. It uses a typical shellcode technique by parsing the PEB and some underlying structures. By finding the InMemoryOrderModuleList in PEB_LDR_DATA, it can iterate through all loaded module names and find kernel32.dll by comparing the generated checksum (6A4ABC5B).

Now, let's go back to the upper function, the one which has called "FindKernel32DLL_addr." After storing the kernel32.dll address and initializing more local variables with some strings (not shown in the picture), the code resolves a bunch of API function addresses (ex. LoadLibrary, CallWindowsProcedure, etc.) by using the function Find_API_function_addr_by_name (see below).

Then, it uses the given third argument (arg_8 - 7554284Ch, the custom hash of the API function) to find the corresponding API function address. The used custom hashing function is based on the following pseudocode algorithm:

i = 112186;
while ( *a1 )
   i = (char)*a1++ + 33 * i;
return i;

Finally, it uses CallWindowProcW to execute the resolved API function (see below). The latter is also an old shellcode trick used by many exploits to execute position independent code stored in some buffer. It misuses the CallWindowProcW function and leverages the fact that CallWindowProcW is simply executing the function pointer in the first argument, assuming it is either the address of a window or dialog box procedure. From an obfuscation point, this makes the static analysis more difficult and might also confuse weak antivirus products.

We can rename the sub_41B285 function "Exec_Function." The picture below shows how it works. It can be used to execute most of the important Windows API calls. It is no surprise that the sample is leveraging it for most of its API calls.

As far as "call Exec_Function" doesn't tell us which API function is called, we wrote another small IDA Python script, which parses all XREFs to this function, checks arg_8 (e.g. 7554284Ch) and resolves the given hash to an API function call name (e.g. VirtualAlloc). Then it writes a comment to the call Exec_Function, which names the API function name that is going to be executed.

Next, the sample executes some anti-analysis checks. This includes a function, which is checking for certain processes by parsing the processlist and comparing the names against a CRC32 checksum. We called it "Scan_ProcessList_byCRC32." These checks are not only done at this location, they are distributed all over the sample and looking for the following names:

• 0x388f3adb = mple.exe
• 0xe84126b8 = sample.exe
• 0x6b68c4c6 = avastui.exe
• 0x923d5594 = avgui.exe
• 0x6b68c4c6 = avastui.exe
• 0x923d5594 = avgui.exe
• 0x6b68c4c6 = avastui.exe
• 0x923d5594 = avgui.exe
• 0x958e9b43 = extsszf.exe

We haven't checked every location, but where we did, the sample kills itself if those processes are found.

After the debug checks, the sample is extracting the two resources UDXCUSK and SCCJZ from the PE resource section and stores them in two buffers for later use (see below). Then, it decodes the configuration stored in the UDXCUSK buffer. The function DecodeConfigFromResourceUDXCUSK stores pointers to the decoded data blobs on the stack. It finds them later via dword ptr ss:[ebp+eax-2C8], where eax is the offset to the different data blobs/config parameters. Later on, these parameters help to decrypt the actual final malware embedded in the SCCJZ resource.

Then, makes itself persistent by copying over to <%APPDATA%>/kgehorzlnr/zqwlnpeijybtmkv.exe and placing a link to the file into the Windows startup folder.

CopyFilesAndCreateStartupLink is a complex function with a few sub functions. It is mostly using the obfuscation techniques that we've already seen, but it is also uses Heaven's Gate for some of the API calls, such as CloseFile.

If we dig into the CloseFile_Via_syscall_SysEnter function, we see that it is checking if it is running as a 32-bit process on a 64-bit system under the SysWOW64 technology. Depending on this check, it either uses the 32-bit sysenter instruction or the Heaven's Gate trick to execute the API call directly via the 64-bit syscall instruction. If it is using the 64-bit world, it is getting the syscall number in a similar way to what we've seen before with the API calls. It is parsing ntdll.dll for the hash of the function — such as NtCloseFile =  0D09C750h — and then it finds the corresponding syscall number.

We can see the switch from 32-bit to 64-bit code inside of the SysCallwrapper_SwitchTox64_HeavensGate function. First, it pushes 33h onto the stack. Then, it performs the call $+5 trick, which means it just calls the next instruction at 419D59, but the call instruction is also pushing the instruction pointer address to the stack (419D54). The 'add' instruction adds five to this value. In other words, we have the values 419D5E and 33h on the stack. If the CPU executes 'retf,' it is jumping to 419D5E and changing the CS register to 33h (far jump). The latter means switching to 64-bit mode. You can read the details here.

Unfortunately, this means we need to switch to the 64-bit version of IDA for the code starting at 41D55E. In 64-bit, we can see that it is simply preparing the function arguments and then calling the syscall instruction. The sample uses this for calls listed in the disassembler comments in the picture below.

Executing 64-bit calls in a 32-bit application can also cause certain antivirus products to miss these calls, thus missing the real behavior of the application.

Now we are going back to the main malware routine. Remember that the malware has already extracted the SCCJZ resource into the res_SCCJZ_buffer. It has also already decoded the configuration that includes the "089377328364273...981972063544" string to decode the SCCJZ resource. It is stored in ebp+eax+var_2c8_config_base, where eax is 0x18 (-> "089377328364273...981972063544").

The next step is starting the legitimate RegAsm.exe process and injecting the decoded data from the resource section via the typical process-hollowing technique. Using the same obfuscation tricks previously described, we called this function "InjectIntoRegAsm" below.

In this case, the final malware injected into RegAsm.exe is our old information-stealer friend HawkEye Reborn v9, Version=9.0.1.6. As usual, it is obfuscated with ConfuserEx described in our previous research. The stolen data is exfiltrated via the email account sartaj@jaguarline.com to the mail server mail.jaguarline.com. The HawkEye Reborn configuration decryption password is: 0cd08c62-955c-4bdb-aa2b-a33280e3ddce.

Distribution activity

After analyzing the previously described loader, we began to analyze what malware families may be leveraging it to infect victims. The most widely observed malware family at this time is HawkEye Reborn, version 9.0.1.6. Talos already broke down this malware in a previous post. We also observed several other commodity malware distribution campaigns leveraging the same loader to infect victims with Remcos, as well as cryptocurrency mining malware. This activity demonstrates how advanced techniques such as Heaven's Gate can be quickly integrated across large portions of the threat landscape. In many cases, the cybercriminals leveraging these kits lack the expertise to implement this type of functionality natively, but can instead leverage available loaders to achieve the same goal.

Email distribution

In all of the malware distribution campaigns we observed, the infection process starts very consistent with what we previously observed from threats like HawkEye Reborn, Remcos, Agent Tesla, and other commodity malware. The attackers send emails to victims disguised as invoices, banking statements and other financial-related topics.

These emails typically contain Microsoft Excel spreadsheets or Microsoft Word documents that leverage CVE-2017-11882, a vulnerability affecting Microsoft Equation Editor. When opened by victims, these malicious documents function as malware downloaders, reaching out to web servers on which the attacker is hosting their malware payload. The contents of the documents varies, but one example is below:

These campaigns are ongoing, with new binaries being hosted and new emails being sent on a regular basis.

Below is a graph showing DNS resolution activity associated with one of the domains that is being used to host the malicious PE32 executables, and is reflective of the consistent, ongoing nature of these campaigns.

Conclusion

This campaign is the latest example of what modern malware uses to fly under the radar. With the described process, the actors are able to hide the original malware inside the loader. The Malware is only decrypted at runtime and injected into memory — it's never unencrypted on the hard drive. This means, if any antivirus tools scans the malware, it has no chance to identify the malware on the disk.

The adversaries in this case used sophisticated loaders that leverage several different low-level operating system techniques to make it as hard as possible for antivirus programs to detect the malware. By using these loaders, they can quickly and easily change the final malware or in other words the payload of the loader.  

Coverage

Additional ways our customers can detect and block this threat are listed below.

Advanced Malware Protection (AMP) is ideally suited to prevent the execution of the malware detailed in this post. Below is a screenshot showing how AMP can protect customers from this threat. Try AMP for free here.

Cisco Cloud Web Security (CWS) or Web Security Appliance (WSA) web scanning prevents access to malicious websites and detects malware used in these attacks.

Network Security appliances such as Next-Generation Firewall (NGFW), Next-Generation Intrusion Prevention System (NGIPS), and Meraki MX can detect malicious activity associated with this threat.

AMP Threat Grid helps identify malicious binaries and build protection into all Cisco Security products.

Umbrella, our secure internet gateway (SIG), blocks users from connecting to malicious domains, IPs, and URLs, whether users are on or off the corporate network.

Additional protections with context to your specific environment and threat data are available from the Firepower Management Center.

Open Source Snort Subscriber Rule Set customers can stay up to date by downloading the latest rule pack available for purchase on Snort.org.

Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)

The following indicators of compromise can be used to identify malicious activity associated with these malware distribution campaigns.

Domains:
www[.]kemostarlogistics[.]co[.]ke
www[.]terryhill[.]top
mail[.]jaguarline[.]com

IP Addresses:
173.254.126[.]115
164.160.128[.]110

Email:
Email: sartaj@jaguarline.com
Mailserver: mail.jaguarline.com

Link in Windows Startup folder:
L"[InternetShortcut]\nURL=file:///C:\\Users\\Dex Dexter\\AppData\\Roaming\\kgehorzlnr\\zqwlnpeijybtmkv.exe"

Malicious Document Hashes (SHA256):

cf0a3dadba03f32d90e84401451c9acc1a1d2378d5bdae8e87fc2ab9c6ff0f12
e23d16a5b770a04664dd42f8d2153ad62ce5fbf65af2a6dfd791ad70deef61b0

PE32 Hashes (SHA256) analyzed:

01349f0b7a30d36f2171145548602451643d670870f8863f8baeec4f76cf83a0
10149bf87feb3276a7d6bfb864864c655b4e11aa2ed6d677c177353dbffdfc25
c2e98978063f02f9769d8372d10abc3fe734cd7e686c6ab5dedb08dd57076b17
fc31b4107bec4352fac3e1a13d91031b6b49969e21abff2301609219c43cd472

SHA256 of related samples using very likely the same loader:

b97d550a3d4e5bc0f5f01fb3989f30e0047a8cac56b9e6be4e46ad527c9835df
53b2eead3c1b8e4652c3ec079dbf0f9cb2e1bbf51a9883b7c5c2c5414e43b54b
3c1f585dd6df5cc0e0391f2924768da9fb2c9ac2f46af9a1f50325cb362728a6
5839edf29a8841b66e6da0a821ea1e2be60a4c9c0765c1ab27df03c2d8b3d22a
c6544c438662421fda4ebb8212526f64588081bf54e233da78a8720b9e0f5532
d8977770d90fcda7b502db771ca6398ae90601ac8f2eddf1484285c2a7b4a098
f067364aa4d565aba90d38afca9c21d67253b16fec8a5c36c6cfb84d6295c108
2b139cdc6423fed45dfb5adfb18e3a141eeb7df9248bf2ac9be1696778851484
0cfa75e3eebaff86209b51e8647ecd091308a6b0083f59e011c8a8fa21af27b6
8025eaa9dad0eeecb73f95d4336dbab72d711189846c5196dba37d3846c276d8
9e25b13c1f12e1e61935b763692c204ccb8427192d83b1e4c248782fc8c6af15
4c03059b3a796b093a754a767b18f7945357bb410779d8cd3d447ff02e1ea88b
3fffc31eb23a2838069284a3de74399601cb1b2846b5615c1032232f3c0e5c41
b51afa3b4cca3020daff7a93ca38060794d5f02e7e1925db17d01e5aa8031492
1a76083a711946b9a6cf9c8b14985e7ae4872784ec8e16ca3e129aa385243e57
94392d43e99f605f189219c25d61051b92d3e0089d261226be49a69768fd170f
e0f293cbdb97cfec3e0307783e0a1065d38745fd80035ba4c04999c2dce0ebe6
d47f46adfdcc0925ebcd3d29c7ddeb8528a90bf7aa43067c9247713ee3199c45
fc04f3f5f993e0743cdebfe26820f1a2ae9ab101318577ddcfaf2b5864eb7808
780b1e40fc5b8a2f3d0cbd5c02455064606281fb2a24ee88633340178e021bae
254af6d5f33bd179b07dff10836e86574567c5f2bdee0e8e26a90af601d16d0a
d746ee2369a12c0c37acc3f3812f926e3345cf7edfd736774304e4d3c27c42ad
e61a9672421d30c721ff58deb54961736bb62bbbc34dd3890edf9062370c48d4
efa28604a547613b68480f7e8ac59f8d02931f5b8d4be6971ea96aff253d5d1a
08c4f972f9e712adc66e7b51b4843ddc6399fdfcc64e2b8245b1eca42ff5359d
e8cc0d6364caf0231c6b48d7eb44a10645b739bb5659d81e31dd5924eed29110
a3b39af055b7432c7098a01736877b036fd88ffadb54502ef88d517dd5715f33
d0ab8fa84459da9cfcbe85fc5bfe2ac3e1613aba4272698847d49efaad110587
ba63feae30f438dac75134670d2f250b4a4154b7d71bbaf793a12b7a7b1227a5
b3538b49f8d864f30c5f38d1358e7e44e1290193586a0ae4541e06bf8696b70a
f48d377a6dd312fd8572be77793984db7c0e381243dad5f5a66f5d1444e52af7
765b183479a088f6dfd2242ddd88e52c44f39f92f0d03edd44b27c22fec0ffac
813ba89c3dea3342d34b35f56fb27a53c0487d9de9444090448e2904581bac9d
b08521e9d4c442477c2f67ddc64faddb0ab13f95838b140f80dbe4dbe47ac7f3
a39ebe0acc9dfc0b22f642fd953d3f729ff976e7076fc788e8cd2be4d0b196e6
79a91c943baca8578abaddc8e4d5c96d91deb60281e71118e4b1931ff58f8107
87b0e89cb6cf9d14c36004996558ab6da6e0f8ca4e357674417a4296fd247bc2
8090fbedfcdfc8e646ff20d1f1405b9e5b9e1223c5a6260cbccf298fdd1e2ff9
cbfb44b652ca595d4125f81910e29095c679fd9ea031b31068ab85b9b5e268b1
5eb0c3a8b143b7c96fa61435d8753b6ae6650054d35ad1d0ebc357424e27e472
c2233de1fba765c99ca87f7d77af842344003291469a9e6333347ce73651939f
22076a5556127a3f4bddfcc0ac67abf85bcf76d4fdd4df9245a8f90ce41421c7
8f72b6b45672692941c78f4abc473ef4c7c93c905ccaa13090b4fa8c9ae8a94b
097e633b34a4a827a2f900bad46831716b8eb1efdc3a48e122f6676786ea3b58
373ef46e431d3ef483549bed093830ec544c28202bd552d54992a3d9bce6ebc5
0fa49302f135ddbc06d290dcc4801f87e9249ce9f313b3ebed2e42337171a9c3
358eecbf97a739a88051c3131a9957c874c86d3bc920daf1b903c7945fd7948d
00d4d2851bb0b7570b20722a82b2f2d844bcda76d44042382cfe3a7be94804b7
01349f0b7a30d36f2171145548602451643d670870f8863f8baeec4f76cf83a0
2228980ef182ccaed184556e2f3347ea5d7877da8eeddd18969df7f0e98474db
5a5ddd3a9fd0af5628754cfdb2fbcbec80d0e1c09e2e7238eac99ab7c26b850e
5d70909670129df76288c83041e686b334170b1944e1393354a8a40f8386915d
4a42df7490d910a91d3ad0d2b22a7386ac89e799ca91755e719d39eb9ce3105f
bd65e1f2474187ec69980e3bcc237d5eb5953c413e858b57f75bbc1efab13087
550778509464f5cd5e7be0b21a01fb80cff8857133cff9d65290c1dbb4b13f4b
c9117b4e20a2f439c2a4a3e9fb8554f1aee832d615666021d5cf5f6a62a15109
e33066539456b2b4b16ca938cea71ceea097320d8445d7a48d461b65accc4d7c
8a4d4491deaea94a51586c5098055c335831b37c17f3d8449fba197dfe73a83d
1191a2a9d100e235358f4b737a1bda17d27731721403d53cb4cba09979987bad
0f8572fbce7270f8462acf1b3a54d249630f138dea29203f95a35a647a150f92
78e7eb147b419da410064536a83e8856c50ddd42fefe2f84616d90bc5aa96c9b
4dc9503ba10fcaa9d2db3e031dc7854a6f7e6815efa24baba670f1f3e3c192f0
9b811b1b8d88cbb2f6ad92a7ff042c1112520bdcff7e9ce42b801de4bb241979
057eba3c5e001c212b565f5136119234ebd54f2e652d9092dfb3ba32439e9770
c217bd6a78e26c783b13d6ef935271758ac81115a7fd86133f8905329168ec7e
26ecac734753116e6afae428ede31eda76499caa52ed76e54f094b0ab04a24af
3f512ccc3610441d90a33d7aaaa72303541b57d28e7e98b46d446b99534659fc
9a4680547af935cc1f5369f60e77d148de3e318ff6b2cbe63e75b8fad051d8b6
20293acec1ea7c8b3c26b34e4715f8a9796315f3d5a19aeeff86f660bb62a379
ed01ab2b61aa9a68e7a3a0961ff9e60c3bbba7c944f1a1a7a9bf674c44c97ad2
c2e98978063f02f9769d8372d10abc3fe734cd7e686c6ab5dedb08dd57076b17
319d22b549bcbabce103c5d1359ac65f8e8ae49bff6287de21f3f9ef3138646d
f62e27717a0a9d7c5271697a65c9052362aa7a273ab78aa981b23ffa7f37f569
e3f6293b7214b9c5d51a12ca7de2ea0b82d909971abaac73143d40de6fb46168
a278d236c958536e57adf595d742021bf9249f18ec08d89f292a38e4adeecfa3
923a10cd5a45810a4f50fd88d630835d7476183ff53e2056e7e2b71cbc488684
f1fc25ceb569ee834f38061b3a0f176f58802e09b2e2987596a1ae843bf50b04
2bf7904fb0720d95ddf88e68d256f63adbe228a99e65a650faaca64101afce27
64aebb452f4208ae53a8dda999c4af052ad46030b536b161ceb4ab09a1d1320b
4687b4ccaee1db427df6649218aec766083cf28345edfb48fb2e5efc0366f0ca
37034b8e9d3889a7959aa13d99dc7ac3027d03effeb1ccdc62c39f937b303026
3111c73f9faf4127711feaf94c68cb1e08918c0b3c00b7066e2336ca7a28ae81
4897c42869fe16f3658f5f75cf0e8632c63ae424524afdce93947a5f03d0f804
ab8505cfd29a70606abe22e655741412bae9db3f18eee63f5bfa13114655d651
2b4f00ad30839c2a2c37801bb86dab1ab5df209d58788f840e4dbdd00ad06d4a
1e73aba842ebacff5998c303e91a7de845d74020fdf951506cd60b658dbaef2e
96232a85116e9c9fd3a864586055ddd7bd762a321dbc64b3e6daa2cc650eca2d
ebb8a01f413b16233df797a0d5db5c4d93e91ec5dcd09f42da9a1e367584d0dd
84d57f57ddb11d8d46db94d3cdfc06593902797833a98a623f267c5d2640823c
6376344a3e5c38687912533c5d1535173981c10e16d448b76a9deb2e8695e62c
deb037f991f1ffa4e6e9b48d6f40834fb192c04dec3afe740a4768206255ca65
9bd4ac435b07d0f7a76dfb17608b1b1027a459b10a5aa9ca5233416d2fce0448
3644203a80018fd90877d658d18452bc693b046a2a76461851294f44f4fd163f
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